Editor || Debarauti Samui
The Launch of the National Mission on Natural Farming (NMNF)
On November 25, 2024, the Centre launched the National Mission on Natural Farming (NMNF), a dedicated centrally sponsored initiative aimed at promoting natural farming across India. With a total outlay of ₹2,481 crore, the scheme will be funded jointly by the Centre and the states, contributing ₹1,584 crore and ₹897 crore respectively, until the conclusion of the 15th Finance Commission period (2025-26).
The NMNF represents a paradigm shift toward chemical-free farming by embracing traditional agricultural practices rooted in local agro-ecological principles. The government emphasized that natural farming incorporates methods like livestock integration, diversified cropping systems, and locally adapted technologies, helping farmers reduce cultivation costs and dependency on external inputs. At its core, the mission is committed to providing safe and nutritious food, restoring soil health, promoting biodiversity, and building resilience to climate challenges, tailored to local agroecological needs.
Organic vs. Natural Farming: A Comparative Perspective
While both organic and natural farming aim to move away from chemical agriculture, there are key differences between the two. Organic farming requires strict adherence to third-party certifications and a conversion period of two to three years to transition from chemical to bio-inputs. On the other hand, natural farming offers farmers greater flexibility, allowing them to decide the pace of reducing chemical use without the risk of an abrupt decline in crop yields. However, organic produce enjoys a marketing advantage, often fetching premium prices, whereas produce from non-certified natural farming systems may face market challenges.
The Science Behind Natural Farming
The underlying principle of natural farming is that soil, air, and water inherently contain sufficient nutrients, and healthy soil biology can unlock these resources. A key practice in natural farming involves preparing bio-stimulants by fermenting a mix of cow dung, cow urine, jaggery, and pulse flour. This solution enhances soil microbial activity, improving nutrient availability and water retention. Crop residues suppress weed growth, while intercropping or multi-cropping fosters soil fertility and biodiversity. Together, these practices build a sustainable and balanced farming ecosystem.
Benefits of Natural Farming
Natural farming offers numerous advantages across economic, environmental, and health dimensions. By eliminating dependence on expensive chemical fertilizers and pesticides, it significantly reduces cultivation costs for farmers. Environmentally, it improves soil fertility and carbon content, boosts biodiversity, and enhances the resilience of agricultural systems to climate risks such as floods, droughts, and waterlogging. Additionally, it minimizes health hazards associated with chemical farming and ensures access to nutritious food. Importantly, it provides a sustainable farming framework that ensures future generations inherit a healthier and more productive planet.
To scale the initiative, the NMNF has identified 228 districts in 16 states with fertilizer usage above the national average of 138 kg/hectare, with a special focus on areas where consumption exceeds 200 kg/hectare. A 5 km-wide zone along the Ganga River has also been prioritized to promote eco-sensitive farming.
Evidence of Success and Scope for Growth
A 2023 study by the Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR) highlights the potential of natural farming. Conducted in Andhra Pradesh, Maharashtra, and Karnataka, the study found that crop yields, particularly for paddy, were 4% higher under natural farming methods while costs were 5% lower. Farmers also benefitted from premium prices for their produce. However, challenges persist, as yields for crops like sugarcane and black gram were lower. The study underscores the need for more scientific research to optimize natural farming practices for diverse crops and regions.
A Promising Future for Sustainable Agriculture
The NMNF marks a significant step in aligning India’s agricultural practices with sustainability goals, addressing the twin challenges of environmental degradation and farmer distress. By empowering farmers with cost-effective, eco-friendly solutions, the mission sets the stage for a transformative shift toward resilient, inclusive, and health-conscious food systems. While challenges remain, the positive outcomes from initial studies and pilot projects signal a bright future for natural farming in India. With continued investment in research, training, and market linkages, natural farming has the potential to revolutionize Indian agriculture, benefiting farmers, consumers, and the environment alike.
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